Week 4-Happiness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 4-Happiness - Assignment Example At first, I believed on this. However, I came to realize that affluence does not necessarily give someone happiness and being poor also does not automatically make one unhappy (DuBrin, 2011). I am now against my previous notion of judging some careers as substandard and insignificant. Apparently, I fall into adventure category. During life audaciousness made me acquire some values that up-to-date are precious to me. I learnt values like respect and honesty through adventure where I was much curious to understand how members of an organization interrelate harmoniously without the two values. Respect is an important value that leads to the realization of honest in any organization (DuBrin, 2011). Corporations value personnel who uphold honesty and respect, for they comprehend that a good relationship builds trust among employees. Finally, the adventurous spirit enabled me to grow the value of courtesy where I was curious why people could give their seat to pregnant woman or old people and other do not and I come to realize some children will not practice this because they contemplate that they will not receive appreciation. Therefore, my quest prepared me to learn this and endorse that some values we possess are driven by adventures. It is important to know your values for it gives one a tremendous clarity and focus in life. The values that I treasure in my life are; honesty, respect, politeness, happiness, success, peace, fun, security, transparency and adventure (Steve, 2013). Steve has underlined imperative values that are proficient in guiding our compartments at work or in any other areas of our life. Values enable us to act according to our conviction. The value that I desire most is happiness; this is because happiness significantly helps me in attaining life satisfaction (DuBrin, 2011). It assists me overcome stress both at workplace. Happiness also offers me an

Mary Shelley - Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mary Shelley - Frankenstein - Essay Example Thus, it is evident that the author incorporates in her novel the important factors in the history of Europe such as the effect of French Revolution on notions of class and identity, the role of the Industrial Revolution on the socio-economic life of the people. As Essaka Joshua maintains, the social comment in Frankenstein is especially inspired by the ideology of the French Revolution and the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. â€Å"Critics have recently connected Frankenstein with this period of social upheaval, reading the novel as an ‘allegory of the French Revolution, the attempt to recreate man and the disillusionment and terror that followed.† (Joshua, 23) Therefore, it is essential to realize that the historical and political context of the author has played a crucial role in the writing of the novel. This essay offers a reflective exploration of the political and historical backdrop of the period in which Mary Shelly wrote her celebrated novel Frankenstein. Much o f the critical commentary on Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein has focused on the impact of the historical and political context of the novelist on the major themes, and references in the work.

Ratio Analysis on Literature of Review Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis on Literature of Review Essay I also declare that I have done my work sincerely and accurately even then if any mistake or error had kept in it, I request the readers to point out these errors and guide me to remove these errors in future. Presentation Incharge Signature of the Candidate Practical work experience is the integral part of individual learning. An individual who is learning managerial concepts has to undergo this practical experience for being a future executive. It is the result of various factors. Primarily because of rising cultivations of BT. cotton (Bacillus thuringnsis) and reduce the farmers input costs, while the yield as well as quality are substantially much larger compared to traditional varieties. In view of this development, the cotton cultivation acreage has been steadily going up in India. The farmers have become more knowledgeable to follow scientific methods to cultivate high yielding long staple cotton varieties. Besides individual mills are also simultaneously taking steps to improve the cotton production along with Technology Mission on cotton (TCM), the cotton development research Associations of organizations (CITI), South Indian Textiles Mills Association (SIMA) and Kerala State Textile Corporation (KSTC). The resultant factor is quality and quantity of raw material supply has substantially improved in the country. Due to globalization of our economy, the conscious of quality inputs and pricing have become competitive to the international standards and prices. Supply of quality raw material availability sources of raw material from major cotton exporting countries. Every organization is a deliberate and planned Endeavour of people whose common goal can be achieved through attainment of targets and goal by individual members in it. No organization can survive for long unless it takes care of prudent utilization of resources particularly human resources. In brief, good business is generally the result of good organization which can emerge only if it consists of good people who work together as a team. The textile industry occupies a unique place in our country. One of the earliest to come into existence in India, it accounts for 14 per cent of the total industrial production, contributes to nearly 30 per cent of the total exports and is the second largest employment generator after agriculture. The Indian textile industry is one of the largest in the world with a massive raw material and textile-manufacturing base. Indian economy is largely dependent on the textile manufacturing and trade in addition to other major industries about 27 per cent of the exchange earning are on account of export of textiles and clothing alone. In India organized textile mill sector has increased from 1787 in 2003-04 to 1789 in 2004-05. During the year 2003-04 the production of yarn was 3051. 07 million kg and it had increased to 3220. 59 million kg in 2004-05. The number of workers worked in textiles mills during the year 9, 18,000. India has the second-largest yarn-spinning capacity in the world (after China), accounting for roughly 20 percent of the world’s spindle capacity. India’s spinning segment is fairly modernized; approximately 35 to 40 percent of India’s spindles are less than 10 years old. During 1989-98, India was the leading buyer of spinning machinery, accounting 2003-04 was 9,28,000 and it have decreased during the year 2004-05 was for 28 per cent of world shipments. India’s production of spun yarn is accounted for almost entirely by the organized mill sector, which includes 285 large. Man-made fibers, wool and silk segment grew by modest 4. 5 per cent per annum during the 5-year period 2000-01 to 2005-06. During the first year of quota-free global trade, production increased leaps and bounds. Textiles production increased 10 per cent over 2004. The growth was fuelled by a 22 per cent rise in production of other textiles (including apparels). Cotton textile also posted an increase of nine percent. In the last six years, an estimated US$ 6. 7 billion has been invested in the textiles sector, aided by the Technology Up gradation Fund (TUF) scheme. The TUF scheme expires in March next year (2007) and the quotas on China will be lifted in 2008. Hence, companies will continue to add capacities over the next year. Also, according to CRISIL, the sector is likely to rise over US$ 3. 5 billion from the capital markets in the next few years. The cotton textile industry, one of the oldest and major consumer industries in India, has assumed national importance by virtue of size, investment, output and employment. The industry produces a wide range of fabrics to suit specific needs of consumers. Further, the cotton textile industry occupies a pre eminent place in the Indian economy by contributing a major share and to the countries industrial production and providing cloth to its millions. The industry also serves by providing direct employment to 60, 00,000 workers in several of its related activities. India is one of the largest textile producing countries in the world. The share of the industry in the export basket of India is around 20%. However, textile industry is vast developing sector and when the competitions are exorbitant especially in its design and quality we have to adopt modern technology management, machine so as to complete with other countries in the international market.

Marketing strategies which can help Cadburys in launching there new product

Marketing strategies which can help Cadburys in launching there new product Cadbury Background In 1824, John Cadbury began selling tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate, which he produced himself, at Bull Street in Birmingham, England. John Cadbury later motivated into the production of a variety of Cocoas and Drinking Chocolates being manufactured from a factory in Bridge Street, supplying mainly to the wealthy due to the high cost of manufacture at this time. At this time the company was known as Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. Cadbury is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding collection of chocolate, gum and candy brands. Cadbury employ around 45,000 people and has direct operation in over 60 countries, selling its products in markets everywhere around the world. Cadbury is nearly 200 years old. In 1969 Cadbury merged with Schweppes to create Cadbury Schweppes. In 2003, Adams Confectionery was acquired including its Trident and Halls brands, now respectively the worlds largest gum and candy brands. On 7 May 2008, Cadbury demerged the Americas Beverages business and created Cadbury plc. In March 2009, they announced a definitive agreement to sell the Australia Beverages business for approximately  £550 million. The following few pages which follow help to show overall how and which types of strategies on various things based on Marketing strategies can help Cadburys in launching there new product. Marketing strategy is a plan of action which is used by many businesses around the world, which helps the business meet its aims and objectives, it can also assist a business when launching a new product as it helps to identify which different strategies would be best to use. Marketing strategies can be split into two main categories which are: Short-Term Long-Term Short-term strategies help a business to focus mainly on the four Ps: Product, price, place and promotion which are vital to all businesses, as these four features are the main things which help a business to achieve objectives if they are used correctly. On the other we have long-term strategies which are used to plan the future actions of a business, this can include producing tables such as a Ansoff matrix which helps a business to decide on many things such as, whether to launch a new product or to improve previous products, overall making the right decisions on which type of strategy to use is vital, especially in the case of Cadburys as it helps to decide how to launch a new cereal bar, to ensure that they reach maximum sales. Throughout the next few pages I will discuss possible short-term and long-term strategies which Cadburys could use, indicating which type of strategy in each case would be the most useful to help them achieve success with there new product. Ansoff Matrix An ansoff matrix can be used to identify and show various types of growth strategies, many firms such as Cadburys could benefit from the use of an ansoff matrix as it helps to focus on the firms present and possible products as well as the markets. The main thing in ansoff matrix helps to identify is possible ways for a business to grow; this can include improving previous products or producing new products. Diversification Market Penetration: This is when a firm tries to achieve growth using existing products in there current market segment, to try and increase its market share. Product Development: This is when a firm targets a new product at there current market segment. Market Development: This is when a firm seeks growth by targeting there existing products at a new market. Diversification: This is when a firm tries to diversify into new businesses by producing new products to aim at a new market. Best marketing strategy for Cadburys: The following list helps to show which marketing strategy from the ansoff matrix would be best for Cadburys to use: If Cadburys was to use market penetration for there product, I feel this would not help at all as the current product they have out in the market which is the Brunchbar, is not doing very well and people would not buy it, so I feel this would be the worst option to choose. If Cadburys was to use product development for there product, I feel this could possibly be successful, although after the failure of there previous product people may not buy there new product. If Cadburys was to use market development, I feel that again there could possibly be a chance of success, as they may have aimed there previous product at the wrong market, although people from the new market may also not be keen to buy there product. It is clear that if Cadburys was to use diversification and aim a new product at a new market, there would be a high chance of success as long as the new product was to meet customer needs, which can be done through extensive market research to help gather an idea of people who would regularly purchase there product. Marketing Objectives Before a business such as Cadburys can decide on which market strategy they will be using, they must take into consideration that correct and precise marketing objectives are set to help the business to become as successful as possible in the future. The best way for a business to ensure that they set realistic and achievable objectives would be by following the acronym of SMART, this helps identify points which need to be checked by a business to make sure high-quality objectives are being set to maintain high sales for the product. The acronym SMART is short for the following which all need to be checked over by businesses when setting its marketing strategy: Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timed For a business such as Cadburys to be successful within such a competitive market, good quality objectives must be set. The following is a list of objectives Cadburys could set themselves to ensure that they are successful with the launch of there new product: Principles of Marketing There are many different features to be looked at when marketing your product to ensure there are no hiccups when releasing a new product. The following are a list of different things which need to be looked at by businesses such as Cadburys to ensure success for the new product: Understanding customer needs: This can be found through extensive market research to help the business determine the customers outlook on products and also the new tendency within the market. Through my market research which I have conducted, I have now found the correct segment for me to aim my product at helping to almost ensure success with the new product as I have covered the needs of my chosen segment. Understand and keep ahead of competitors: This again can be done through market research to help a business stay above competitors. I have used secondary research here to help me see the biggest rivalries within the market, therefore enabling me to stay above them. Communicate effectively with customers: This can be done through varieties of places; the most affective would be through promotional techniques used by the business. To ensure I have done this, I listed the possible promotion techniques and chose the ones which I felt would be best to use. Organize functions to achieve objectives: To ensure correct objective have been set, a business must look at the four Ps around the product to make certain that the correct marketing objectives have been set. To help me do this I ran through the four Ps of my product, and then checked to see that I had stated most of the possible strategies for the product. Aware of constraints: All businesses must be aware of the constraints they face on there marketing activities, to ensure that they are then able to work there way around it. To ensure I was aware of the possible constraints from many different factors, I produced both a SWOT and PEST analysis to help me identify these. The above principles of marketing must all be looked and analyzed by businesses, to ensure that the launch of the new product runs as smooth as possible. Cadbury plan their production process by using a time series method as this helps Cadbury to accurately produce the needed amount of chocolate at the correct period of time. A time series shows historical data that can be used and analyzed to predict future trends. Christmas and Easter are peak selling times for all chocolate manufactures including Cadbury; this is obviously because chocolate products make good gifts for these occasions. The disadvantages of this type of forecast are: Cadbury needs to have a lot of past data in order for the time series method to be used accurately to predict sales figures. If the external environment doesnt stay stable then there will be problems with the forecast for example if the prices of the raw materials used to produce Cadbury products increases then the price of the product has to increase in order for Cadbury to make a profit from the product produced. This may affect the customers purchasing trends. The data may be biased or representative. The advantages of this type of forecast are: The data helps Cadbury to reduce wastage and produce the amount of products that customers would purchase. The data is reliable if collected properly/accurately. The forecast helps Cadbury to make products efficiently as it helps Cadbury to set a target of the amount of products needed; there are always enough products to supply to customers. However precise information about this is not available to the public. Therefore I am going to use the information that I have produced about an imaginary firm I have used in E4 of my assignment. The most profitable product that the imaginary firm produces is the mugs, making a profit of  £10,500 for the first quarter of the year. I think that this is excellent as this firm is selling the mugs well and making a reasonable amount of profits from them; the mugs are batch produced and are everyday household objects. The firm does some research and find out what types of designs the customers are interested in purchasing. This would help to increase the sales, as customers like to have mugs with designs that they like and match with the rest of their kitchen accessories/items. If the firm shows that they are interested in giving the customers what they want then customers are very likely to purchase mugs from the firm. But a problem that would arise is that customers dont need too much mugs as they can be reused again and again so at some point the firm will need to stop producing mugs and withdraw it from the market as the demand will decrease. The firm could sell the mugs in multi packs as a set as well as individually and this will help to increase the sales of the mugs as most customers prefer to have a set of mugs the same design. From the figures of wastage and production I suggested that the saucer department of this firm should be closed down as it was costing the firm too much to continue to produce saucers to sell to the customers as it was not making its potential profit. The department that I suggested should have an increase in production was the teapot department this was due to the fact that it was the second most profitable product that this firm produced (along with the saucers but I have explained why it wasnt possible for the firm to continue to produce them). I think that if the firm improved the strength of the teapots then they would be more successful in the market as customers would realize this and want a teapot that is strong so it lasts longer. How the production process is monitored The quality assurance system that Cadbury use is total quality management (TQM). For Cadburys TQM is a method of ensuring that their products are of a high standard of quality and a method to monitor the production of products. To monitor the production process Cadbury employs supervisors to inspect the product at each stage of production. Marketing strategy In order to increase sales Cadburys needs to undertake a range of marketing activities before deciding upon the best way to encourage the purchase of its product. When identifying the basic principals which Cadburys must apply to its marketing will be its basic objectives because all business must have objectives it allows them to increase sales and make profit. Corporate aims are the long term intentions of a business, whereas corporate objectives are the specific targets required to achieve the aims. The common aim and objectives of the corporation such as Cadbury includes the following: Survival Profit maximization- which is often taken to be the reason why firms exists and to be the primary objectives in practices most firms have a hierarchy of objectives when a firms survival is threaten it may profit maximize in order to restore its financial health. Growth- which includes Cadbury selling new products or expanding overseas. Diversification- which is the spreading of business risks by reducing dependence on one product. Sales maximization- which is the increasing of sales Improving the product image-which includes creating a new logo or launching a new brand of product and creating more attractive packaging. For example, Cadbury set out two objectives for the development of their chocolate, Fuse. These were: To grow the market for chocolate confectionery To increase Cadburys share of the snacking sector when launching a product the company Cadburys had to make sure that any new product in the snaking sector must establish points of difference, creating a unique selling proposition (USP) i.e. a product with unique appeal which is not shared by any of its competitors. Referring back to the example of Fuse, Cadbury lost a lot of money testing out the combination of various ingredients and more than 250 were combined before the recipe of the chocolate was finalized. As the products are developed, Cadbury tests them to ensure that consumers are willing to buy them. Cadbury then promotes its products in various ways such as the use of above the line promotion, which is where a product is advertised through consumer media such as television, magazines, newspapers and radio. 4ps Product My product is a re-launch of Cadbury dairy milk. Cadbury dairy milk is made from real chocolate. Its ingredients include cocoa butter and there is a glass and half full cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate, Cadbury buys 65 million litres of fresh milk each year to make Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. Price Price is an important element of the marketing mix. The price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. Price is also affected by factors such as the state of the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reached in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. From the marketing point of view this is what matters. Place Cadbury dairy milk is produced at the chocolate factory in Bourneville in Birmingham. After the chocolate is produced and has undergone all the quality checks it is transported to the stockrooms. After this Cadbury sells it products to shops that deal with beverages and confectionery e.g. corner shops, super stores such as Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwik save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway and petrol station. These businesses are usually visited by customers on a daily basis. They then sell it to the general public. Cadbury produces chocolate for more than 200 countries so that they have a chance to enjoy it as well and make profit. This gives them a wide range of consumers around the world. Cadbury Schweppes therefore makes sure that the cultures of these different people are kept. They can do this by producing products, which are eaten in that particular country without upsetting religious or cultural practices. Promotion The purpose of promotion is to communicate directly with potential or existing customers, in order to encourage them to purchase dairy milk and recommend it to others. The main promotional tools are sales promotions, public relations and advertising. Production representation Cadbury monitor the production process by using total quality management to ensure that the chocolate/products that are produced are of a high quality and meet the needs of the customers, this is vital for Cadbury because they produce chocolate products mainly which has a lot of substitutes, this means that customers could loose interest in Cadbury products if their demands are not met or thought about. To enforce total quality management Cadburys have supervisors that monitor the machines, the other workers and the products that are made. Cadbury also monitor the quality of their products by using a quality assurance system, (mentioned above) total quality management TQM. TQM ensures that the products that Cadbury produces tastes good to the customers, is appealing to the customers, customer complaints are solved, listening to customers and Cadbury make continuous improvements to their products. Those are all the benefits for Cadbury monitoring the quality of their products and usin g a quality assurance method. At the moment Cadburys use TQM to monitor the quality of their products and as a quality assurance method. I think that this could be improved if other methods of quality assurance and monitoring production were used; I think that this would help to improve them. An alternative quality assurance method that Cadbury could use is benchmarking. Benchmarking is a method for comparing the performance of one business against another, this would of an advantage to Cadbury because they could compare their sales figures, production figures etc against a major competitor (Nestle for example), the comparisons would help Cadbury to set aims and goals for the business itself and once the aims have been met it may almost be certain that Cadbury is outperforming its competitor. However the competitor that Cadbury choose has to be near enough the same size business as Cadbury, this is to make the benchmarking fair. As well as the above benchmarking will help Cadbury to do better than their competitor(s). To improve the monitoring method that Cadbury could use to monitor their products, Cadburys could continue to use total quality management ? TQM and also give all the other workers more responsibilities by enforcing self-checking and inspection on the products produced at Cadbury. Self- checking is traditionally the main method of a business to achieve quality control, to ensure that the workers inspect the products professionally, correctly and properly Cadbury should make a list of things that the workers should check. In 1895, an innovation in the provision of model housing by manufacturers occurred with the development by George Cadbury of Bournville Model Village. This was the first model settlement to provide low-density housing not restricted to factory employees. This paper uses the Bournville archives to explore the accepted history of this settlement. It is argued that the accepted history is a particular reading of this planning experiment. The paper explores the construction of the ‘accepted history, identifies some of the authors behind the history and uses the minute books and secretary reports of Bournville Village Trust to construct an alternative historical narrative. The alternative history is one in which Bournville begins as a building estate rather than as a model village. The building estate was provided with no community facilities, and the houses were targeted at the lower- and upper- middle classes. Cadbury repackaged the building estate by appropriating the garden city movement; in return the garden city movement also appropriated Bournville by using it as a working example of a model garden village. The paper makes a contribution to theoretical debate by linking a literature from organizational studies concerned with story-telling and construction to historical geography.

Pictograph Essay :: essays research papers

In the ancient times (4000-30B.C.) the Egyptian Pharaohs were the most powerful people on the planet. They had sophisticated methods for building and irrigation. In one area that they lagged in sophistication was the basic form they used for writing their language. The ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphics that was often expressed through pictographs that are stylized pictures used to express words and subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of pictographs was a very primitive form of communication that took lots of time and energy to inscribe. They did not describe the subject in great detail whereas in the English language you can describe the subject in great detail with little or no effort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When using pictographs the Egyptians didn't use connectives, adjectives, verbs, or nouns. They would simply sketch a series of pictures in reference to the subject that they were addressing. Also when using pictographs it leaves most of the interpretation of the writings up to the reader's imagination, therefore often not accurately describing and communicating the findings or ideas to the author. This was also very obvious when we made posters in class trying to describe our favorite stories because they were very rough sketches (pictographs) of the story and the posters left much up to the reader's personal interpretation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the writing system in the English language a person is able to tell the reader exactly what you're writing about and do so in great detail. In our current system of writing we use a series of twenty-six letters; six of the letters are vowels and the rest are consonants. We arrange these letters in different sequences to create many different expressive words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. There are over fifty thousand words in the English language and by skillfully using them we can accurately communicate to others by the use of writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, we have come a long way in developing our writing system.

Ethics Of The Hellenistic World Essay -- essays research papers fc

In comparing the ethical theories of the Epicureans, Aristotle, and the Stoics it’s found that they possess three separate ideas. These ideas are different in their individual beliefs; yet attempt to accomplish the same goals of creating an inner peace and sense of well being in their followers. Generally these three disciplines had distinctly separate ideas on how to set about accomplishing these goals; the Epicureans felt that the pursuit of pleasure was the correct path to enlightenment, while the Stoics had the idea that the conformation to strict laws regarding virtue was the proper path, and as for Aristotle, he held the middle ground in this debate of the minds, feeling that moderation was the key to complete happiness. Epicurus' ethics was a form of egoistic hedonism, meaning that the only thing essentially valuable is one's own pleasure. Anything else that has value is valuable merely as a means to securing pleasure for oneself. Epicurus associated this theory to a refined and individual view of the nature of pleasure, which lead him to recommend a virtuous, moderately frugal life as the best means to securing pleasure. His ethical theories find a foundation in the Aristotelian commonplace that the highest good is what is valued for its own sake, and not for the sake of anything else. Epicurus also agreed with Aristotle that happiness is the highest good. However, he disagreed with Aristotle by identifying happiness with pleasure. Epicurus gave two reasons for this. The main reason was that pleasure is the only thing that people do having value just for its own sake; that is, Epicurus' ethical hedonism is based upon his psychological hedonism. Everything we do, he claimed, we do for the sake of ul timately gaining pleasure for ourselves. This is supposedly confirmed by observing the obvious behavior of infants, who instinctively pursue pleasure and shun pain. The truth in this is also found in the behavior of adults, but in adults it is more difficult to see that this truth, since they have much more complicated beliefs about what will bring them pleasure. This hedonism was widely denounced in the ancient world as undermining traditional morality. "The trouble with Epicureanism is its assumption that the self is a bundle of natural appetites and passions, and that the end of life is their gratification. Experience shows that such a policy consi... ...le relates that the healthy exercise of virtuous function in a well-rounded life exploring personal interests and friendships is the cause of which happiness is the unavoidable and fitting effect. In other words, if you pursue the cause you will create the effect, but if you pursue only the effect circumventing the cause, you will miss both effect and cause entirely. â€Å"Aristotle rejects the Epicurean principle of pleasure; because, though a proof that isolated tendencies are satisfied, it is no adequate criterion of the satisfaction of the self as a whole. He rejects the Stoic principle of conformity to law; because it fails to recognize the supreme worth of individuality†(Hyde, 175). Even after this comparison it is difficult to contend which of these three theories would be a valid philosophy today. As they all have their seemingly strong points, there are still intrinsic weaknesses that would not hold up under the scrutiny of contemporary philosophers. Bibliography Hardie, W.F.R. Aristotle’s Ethical Theory. Great Britain: Oxford UP, 1968. Hyde, William. The Five Great Philosophies of Life. New York: Macmillan, 1945. Long, A.A. Hellenistic Philosophy. New York: Scribner’s, 1974.

Berkeleys Water Experiment :: Science Illusions Argument Papers

Berkeley introduces his water experiment in order to demonstrate that in perception the perceiver does not reach the world itself but is confined to a realm of representations or sense data. We will attempt to demonstrate that Berkeley's description of our experience at the end of the water experiment is inauthentic, that it is not so much a description of an experience as a reconstruction of what we would experience if the receptor organs (the left and right hands) were objects existing in a space partes extra partes. Our argument is that there is nothing in our experience of the illusion to suggest that under normal conditions perception does not reach the world itself. Traditionally Empiricists claim that all knowledge and all basic concepts are derived from experience. At the same time they argue that all experience is reducible to private entities, the so-called 'sense data'. Phenomenologists claim that there is nothing in experience itself to suggest that it is reducible to sense data, and that this doctrine is derived from metaphysical prejudices, the so-called 'assumptions of the natural attitude'. They argue that if we could in some way 'bracket' these assumptions and reflect only on our experience of perceiving and on the results of scientific measurements of our perceptual powers, we would discover that perception, rather than presenting us with private entities or 'data', 'opens up' to the world itself. (1) In A New Theory of Vision, Berkeley attempts to show that all experience is reducible to sense data by exploiting two types of argument. At times he exploits a scientific account of perception and of the functioning of the perceptual organs, while at other times he uses the argument from illusions. For example, he argues, that the experience of temperature can be understood with the analogy of the experience of pain, and just as the pain is not 'in the needle', so the warmth I feel is not in the fire. (2) He then argues in a similar vein that visual experience is reducible to collections of colour sensations because light passes into the eye ball and strikes the retina, in much the same way that a sharp object striking the skin produces a sensation of pain, such as a sensation of blue or red. (3) The sensation being the effect of the physical and chemical properties of the world on the sense organs and is as distinct from the world as photographic images are from the objects which cause them.

Gender Equality

â€Å"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance. † (Kofi Annan) In Paulette Jiles's poem, â€Å"Paper Matches† and in Judith Ortiz Cofer's poem, â€Å"The Changeling† the theme described is gender roles. In the two poems the women do not feel appreciated. These two poems are very similar in theme, content, and figurative language. However, the structures of the two poems are very different.Jiles and Cofer both use symbolism, dialogue, figurative language, nd imagery as instruments to reflect the cruelty of the women during these times. In Paper Matches, Jiles uses the simile of a match to display the irritation and anger of the gender roles forced when she was a child. Matches are tiny, insignificant items that are sold in packages, and one is interchangeable from another. They have no use unless they're lit; they're only good fo r one flame. These connotations roughly pare down what the author saw as woman's condition in society.It seemed to her that women were hardly more than servants and not allowed much individuality. Another facet of the match-comparison is that matches are passive. Someone strikes up a flame with it, but matches can't do anything on their own decision. Jiles' anger is displayed by the final two lines, â€Å"We come bearing supper, / our heads on fire. † This continues the match-metaphor, but also implies anger directly resulting from the servitude involved in bringing in supper. If someone's angry, they might be called â€Å"hot-headed,†Ã¢â‚¬â€œJiles' women's heads are fguratively on fire, they're so incensed at their position.Something slightly ironic in the image is that the match's/women's usefulness starts at their heads. In the male-dominated society Jiles describes, omen's heads–brains–wouldn't be very valued. That their heads are on fire in the end s uggests that their anger at their position is borne out of the fact that they can think, reason and realize the limitations being placed on them, and this in turn suggests a basis for women's equality and the injustice of their situation in this poem.The poem, â€Å"The Changeling† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, is a dramatic monologue that describes the life of a little girl who is â€Å"wing† for her father's love and attention (line 2). The girl who does not seem to be noticed by her father invents a game that ould make him notice. Yet , the father is â€Å"baffled and amused† by her actions(line 5. ) In â€Å"The Changeling†, the speaker tells her audience that they were â€Å"molding me into boy shape† (line 8).This line is for the most part an image because it is a specific detail that appeals to the senses. An image that helps imagine something beyond just a thought. This image is visual as we can actually see something being molded into a specific shape. Denotation is an important part of understanding fgurative language, for it gives the reader the literal meanings of the words used. Molding eans to work into a required shape or form and to have influence in determining or forming. This image is very significant to the theme of the poem.It shows that the young girl wants to be a boy to make her father happy and she is willing to totally change her â€Å"shape† to make this happen. There are three main points to consider when determining if a piece of literature is worthy of being placed in the canon. The piece ot literature must nave a perceived aesthetic value, nave historical or cultural significance, and have longevity or subsequent influence on other works of literature. The poem â€Å"The Changeling† has these qualities and therefore should be part of the canon.This poem has aesthetic beauty. It contains symbols, imagery, and ambiguities that help tell its' true story. The poem is also full offgurative lan guage, which adds to the beauty. The poem contains both historical and cultural value. It contains information about a great Argentinian revolutionary leader and describes how woman lived and were valued not only in society generally but also inthe hispanic culture. Because the poem has both the aesthetic and cultural value, contributes to the third point of being included in the canon. Gender Equality What instances in society influenced the change in acceptance of women while playing sports and doing other nontraditional things?Rational: I want to study gender roles in society today, because I’d like to further understand when it became acceptable for women to play more male dominated sports. I also want to understand why some women chose to play the sports they did, the criticism they got, and how playing the sport may have changed the way they were viewed within their community. Summary:Today women playing more male dominated sports has become much more acceptable. Women all around are playing â€Å"rougher†sports. 30 years ago you’d never hear of a girl stepping onto a football field, playing baseball, basketball, soccer, or hockey. Society has slowly accepted women into the sports world, by acknowledging successful athletic women.Prediction:While researching this topic, i think I’ll find out more women were looked down upon while male dominated spo rts, and praised while succeeding in more feminine sports. I think women were looked down upon while playing male dominated sports because they’re considered outsiders. I hope to discover that women have and will continue to succeed and push past the stereotypes that restrict them. Athletics is kind of a double-standard for women..we’re supposed to be athletic yet feminine. Sources:â€Å"Atta Girl! A Celebration of Women in Sports† Alexandra Powe Allred. â€Å"A to A of American Women i Sports† Paula Edelson. â€Å"The Girl Who Threw Butterflies† Mick Cochrane. â€Å"U.S. Women's Gymnastics Wins Team Gold Medal At London Olympics† Chris Greenberg, The Huffington Post.Discussion: People should care about this topic because social acceptance is a must for a society to thrive. By playing sports, women explore uncharted territories;  and while succeeding in sports women show men that they can perform just as well as any male can, and can conti nue to excel. It’s important for women to develop this form of independence and nonconformity in order to gain some self confidence, and believe in themselves.

Rhetorical Analysis: Proclamation of Rebellion

Proclamation of Rebellion On August 23rd of 1775, King George III issued A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition after hearing news of the Battle of Bunker Hill. The document declared that the colonies were in an open state of rebellion and requested that all subjects of Great Britain report â€Å"traitorous correspondence† by anyone who may be involved so they could be punished. King George’s proclamation acted as an antithesis and undermined his remaining colonial moderate support.The purpose of the proclamation was obvious: King George III wanted to thwart the colonial rebellion by coercing them by means of intimidation, which is a form of an ethos appeal. However, the timing of the issuance of the proclamation and its diction reveal a seemingly desperate King George. King George III opened the proclamation with the use of a self-sealing conspiracy argument against the leaders of the rebellion when he referred to them as â€Å"ill designing. † He tried to create an outlet for the average colonial subject by calling them â€Å"misled. This also played into the conspiracy argument by making those same subjects doubt the American leadership they had followed up to that point. It seems as though he called the colonists to rethink their position by portraying Great Britain as their protector and guardian while labeling the colonial leadership as avaricious conspirators. These claims that Britain was still an excellent father figure to whom the colonists owed respect and deference were arguments of principle.However, it was clear that many colonists found incidences such as The Boston Massacre and The Battle of Bunker Hill indicated otherwise. Not only did The Battle of Bunker Hill display that Great Britain was not the colonist’s protector, but also that the British could be beaten. This loss painted a much weaker picture of King George. The proclamation was released just before King George would decline to receive the c olonists’ Olive Branch Petition.By declining to receive the petition, it was assumed that the King’s proclamation was his response. With that in mind, the remaining colonial moderates retained little hope that Great Britain and the colonies would remain united. King George’s proclamation labeled the leaders of the colonial resistance â€Å"dangerous and ill designing men† and listed the ways they had violated royal law. He also posited all the ways the Empire had correctly administered governance and rule over the colonies.It said that those who aided Britain in finding conspirators would be protected for their â€Å"loyalty and zeal† and that ignorance was not an option. Up to this point, ignorance of the relations between the colonies and Britain was the path chosen by many moderates who hoped reconciliation would be made. In his proclamation King George identified these moderates as well as Tory supporters and attempted to pit them against the à ¢â‚¬Å"conspirators. † This rhetorical act on the part of King George III and the British was an utter failure at achieving its intended goal.By that point, the relationship between the two parties had been violent for quite some time and colonial confidence in the King by his shrinking supporting minority was waning. He used self-boasting ethos appeals to the colonists (many of whom had already come to the conclusion that they didn’t like him) and hoped that they would essentially turn themselves in and give up. The worst part about the entire proclamation was that it completely crushed moderates who supported the idea that independence wasn’t the answer.

Civilized or Uncivilized

Civilized or uncivilized Civilization is a limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities. —-Mark Twain In Montaigne's essay on Cannibals, those people living in the uncivilized societies are first referred to as â€Å"noble savages†. However, most Europeans, at that time, believed that the people without â€Å"the benefits of Christianity and civilization† can not be regarded as civilized or advanced. Montaigne holds his ideas and specifically illustrates the reasons of the social norm that uncivilized people seem barbarous are that they have received little molding from the human intelligence and are very close to their original simplicity.Montaigne also criticizes the barbarian actions of â€Å"civilized† European society such as torturing prisoners. He also branches out topic to valour and believes that true victory lies the prize of valour, not winning itself. Based on the ideas of Montaigne, â€Å"civilized† world is not as perfect as peo ple thought, and motivate readers to rethink what civilization is about. What I learn from that essay is that civilized people may sometimes have extremely uncivilized behaviors, and uncivilized people also have their civilized aspects.For those â€Å"uncivilized† people, in this essay, it is said that two things are the most important of their life which are â€Å"resolution in battle† and â€Å"affection for their wives†. Although their way of life seems limited, they live happily with their way of life. I admit their life are simple, but not uncivilized or barbarian. Their fighting is noble and disinterested because all they want to do is to show their valour which is also what people living in â€Å"civilized† societies want.However, we label them with â€Å"uncivilized† by reference to the laws of reason and social norms created by completely different cultures of us, and keep doing the barbarian behaviors which are not belong to our â€Å"pe rfect† society such as killing the innocent in order to develop new territories. The action of judging another culture â€Å"uncivilized† actually shows the weakness of â€Å"civilized† society. Therefore, the difference between both sides are not civilized or not, but the different cultures. All those different cultures make this world more colorful. Montaigne uses Plato's words in this essay to differentiate various societies or ations,which I agree with most part of those words. It is said that â€Å"all things are produced by either nature, or by chance, or by art; the greatest and most beautiful by one or other of the first two, the least and most imperfect by the last†. I agree that things are produced because of those three reasons, but I don't think any one is better than another, because everything has its own reason of existing. All the different cultures make up of civilization, therefore, as Mark Twain said, civilization is necessities no matte r they are necessary or not.

Court Observation Essay Example

Court Observation Essay Example Court Observation Essay Court Observation Essay Court observation The courts have the function of giving the public a chance to present themselves whether to prosecute or defend themselves if any disputes against them rises. It is known to everyone that a court is a place where disputes can be settled while using the right and proper procedures. The court is also the place where a just, fair and unbiased trial can be heard so that it would not cause any disadvantage to either of the party involved in the dispute. The parties are given a chance to represent themselves or to choose to have a legal representative ,which is mostly preferred by many. In the Session Court that I attended, the physical appearance of the court is similar to other courts. The judge sits in the centre and in the presence of everyone at the front. The Interpreter sits in front of the judge with the Bar Table placed directly in front of the interpreter. On the right hand side of the Bar Table is the Witness box and the defendant sits directly at the back of Bar Table. A police officer is placed on the left side of the defendant to guard the public and those present in the court. There is a divider between where the public sits with those involved with the legal proceedings. Everyone entering the courtroom will have to bow the judge as a sign of respect to the judge before they proceed to their respective seats. The role of the interpreter is to make sure the witness reads the oath before testifying in the case. In the case that I attended, both the plaintiff and defendant were represented by their respective lawyers. As I only had the opportunity to witness the defendant’s lawyer to prove his version of the case, as to call witness and asking questions. I felt that he wasn’t effective when presenting his case as he fumbled with his words a lot and was not questions most of time to the defendant. This shows that the counsel is unable to present himself well enough to communicate his facts to the witnesses. I also felt that counsel has not done a good job and would very unlikely be able to catch the attention of the judge. In Malaysia Judiciary System, the Adversarial System is practiced, where the two parties involved in the dispute I given the chance to present and prove their version of facts and disprove the version of the other side. Am impartial judge listens to the evidence and makes a decision as to which side is guilty. In this case will determine the question of fact where else the jury determines the questions of fact. However, the Adversarial System in Malaysia is practiced without a jury due to constraints and other disadvantages of empanelling juries. Thus, in this system, the judge role is to determine the Questions of Law as well as the Questions of Facts. He or she is also to ensure that the Rules Of THE case without interruption unless she is asked questions by the counsels. I unfortunately only had a little time to witness the proceedings, so I only got to see the calling witnesses to present evidence according to the Rules of Evidence. So far, the type of evidence produce is not hearsay evidence but direct oral evidence where the witness told the court what he saw. The lawyers and the judge then record the evidence presented. The proceedings of the hearing were formal where the Rules of Procedures is carried out. The judge is to ensure the existence of theses rules in every hearing. Silence is to be kept in the courtroom and the public is not supposed to speak and hand phones are to also be switched off to avoid any disruption in the court room.. Everybody attending before the judge is required to now to the judge when he or she walks in or out if the court as a sign of respect. The judge is addressed as Yang Arif in the Sessions court and the lawyers and the judge have to follow the dress code of wearing black and white during the court proceeding. In my opinion,the court did quite well in dealing fairly and equally with all that came before it. The defendant was givien the chance to be represented by his lawyer and the plaintiff was given the chance to be represented by its lawyer as well. The lawyer did their duty to try to prove their versions of facts and try to disprove the opposing party in order to won the case. The lawyers were given the chance to cross-examine witness who is called by the respective lawyers.

Juliet’s Relationship with Her Parents in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Essays

Juliet’s Relationship with Her Parents in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Essays Juliet’s Relationship with Her Parents in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Paper Juliet’s Relationship with Her Parents in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is a play written by William Shakespeare and is possibly his most renowned piece of work. The play is set during the Elizabethan period when daughters had to marry according to their parents’ wishes; males were potentate. A girl was ready to be married as soon as she hit the first stages of puberty. Being considered brash and immature in this fickle stage of their life, it was the fathers’ responsibility to choose a suitable individual who could support their daughter and would fit into the family well. If she was to refuse her parents’ decision, she would be considered rude and disrespectful and would probably severe any connection between her and her family. There was little a girl could do to refuse marriage and life was extremely unfair in this rudimentary, patriarchal society. At the start of the play it is clear that the relationship between Lord Capulet and his daughter Juliet is that of a loving one. This is portrayed in Act I Scene 2 Line 13-19. When asked for Juliet’s hand in marriage Lord Capulet states that she is too young and that Juliet is: â€Å"The hopeful lady of my earth. The use of the term â€Å"earth† suggests that Juliet is his world and his life. Using this line it can be inferred that Capulet is very protective and cautious of his daughter as she is his last hope left. Act 3 Scene 5 is all about Lord Capulet telling his daughter that she has to marry Paris and Juliet refusing to do so. When Capulet sees Juliet crying he metaphorically compares her tears to a shipwrecking storm. He uses phrases such as â€Å"ebb and flow with tears† and â€Å"tempest-tossed body† to display his affection and concern for his daughter. Additionally the harsh alliteration of the letter ‘t’ demonstrates Capulet’s lack of control in the situation. Along with this, Capulet refers to Juliet as â€Å"little†, suggesting that he still thinks of his daughter as a child who needs guidance and protection from an elder, further emphasizing the fact that men were the ones in control and women were seen as inferior. Until now, throughout the play, Capulet has been portrayed as a calm and affectionate father who is caring and possessive of his daughter, presenting a strong relationship between Juliet and Lord Capulet. Following this, in Act 3 Scene 5, Shakespeare utterly shatters whatever belief the audience has had in Lord Capulet and presents him from a completely different perspective. When Juliet refuses to marry Paris, Capulet’s rage bursts forth like an inferno. We witness a sudden transition from a loving father to a nefarious, uncompassionate tyrant, who uses derogatory, pejorative insults such as â€Å"Baggage! You tallow-face! You green sickness carrion! † to undermine his daughter. This vituperative language, along with the constant use of exclamation marks expresses Capulet’s raging ferocity and the severity of the situation. Additionally, Shakespeare implements dramatic irony to further embroil the spectators. The fact that the audience knows that Juliet is already clandestinely married, but her father does not, makes the audience feel sympathetic towards Juliet. They suddenly change their perception of Capulet and are left flabbergasted. However, an Elizabethan audience might have actually supported Capulet, understanding the importance of male dominance in a typical household. Furthermore, Juliet’s mother, Lady Capulet, has a miniscule role in the play. It is clear from the way Shakespeare presents her, that she does not share a strong bond with her daughter. When Juliet is being scolded by her father, all Lady Capulet does is make short, curt comments such as â€Å"Fie, fie, what, are you mad? † and â€Å"You are too hot† to ineffectively try and abate Capulet’s anger. This demonstrates the fact that Lady Capulet is unacquainted with Juliet’s persona and therefore, is not ready to openly defend her. However it is important to note that living in a patriarchal society, Lady Capulet would also be afraid to further infuriate her husband by speaking out of turn. When she hears Lord Capulet approaching, she dismisses Juliet’s plea to not marry Paris by stating: â€Å"Here comes your father, tell him so yourself†. This shows us that she wants to rid her hands of Juliet’s problems and let Lord Capulet deal with it, furthermore proving that Lady Capulet does not have a strong relationship with Juliet. Furthermore this can also be extrapolated through how much closer Juliet is to the nurse than her mother. This fact is exemplified in Act 1 Scene 3 where the nurse mentions how Juliet: â€Å"laid wormwood to my dug†, referring to how she weaned Juliet. Also, the fact that the nurse addresses Lady Capulet as â€Å"madam† but speaks to Juliet in an open and informal manner further validates how close of a bond Juliet shares with the nurse. Additionally, Capulet’s sudden transition from a well-wishing father to an almost cynical tyrant is overwhelming for the audience. After Juliet’s refusal to marry Paris, Capulet feels like she has dishonored his name. This can be seen through the punitive insults he hurls at her; â€Å"minion† and â€Å"curse†. Personally, Capulet believes that he has achieved something and done Juliet a good deed by finding her a husband like Paris. This is demonstrated in Act 3 Scene 5 Line 143-145. Along with this Capulet’s sudden change to speaking in the third person such as: â€Å"Is she not proud? † shows us that he is trying to distance himself from her. Furthermore, the severe threats that Capulet uses in an attempt to convince Juliet are exceptionally abysmal to the audience. He states that either she marries Paris or â€Å"never after look me in the face†. After witnessing the events in Act 3 Scene 5 aspire, the audience is very biased to the fact that the relationship between Juliet and her parents is very insecure and distant. In conclusion, it is evident throughout the play that Shakespeare has portrayed the relationship between Juliet and her parents as perplexing and convoluted. At the start of the play, Capulet demonstrates concern and protectiveness for his daughter by refusing to let Paris marry her at an early age. However later on in the play when Juliet refuses to marry Paris he loses all sense and becomes livid, temperamental and callous. Juliet, on the other hand, is forced to refuse the marriage because she is already in love with Romeo, and feels distraught when she is compelled to decline her father’s offer. At the end of the play when Juliet dies, her father is grief-stricken and distraught. He speaks in hollow metaphors such as: â€Å"Death is now my son-in-law† and â€Å"Ready to go, but never to return† demonstrating the excruciating pain he is experiencing. With this information in mind in contrast to Capulet’s behavior in Act 3 Scene 5 it can be induced that Capulet really did care about his daughter’s well-being; he just wanted to give her the best life conceivable. It can be established that throughout the play, the relationship between Juliet and her parents is that of a loving one, however so in an intricate and indistinct manner.

Ceriodaphnia essays

Ceriodaphnia essays Ceriodaphnia Ceriodaphnia has six pairs of lobed legs which bear numerous hairs. Their head is bent downwards and is set from the body by a cervical sinus. The head also has two large secondary antennas that are positioned laterally near the posterior margin. (Pennak, 1989) The Ceriodaphnias mouth is located near the junction of the head and body. The Ceriodaphnias body is covered by a carapace which allows protrusion of only the head and abdomen. One of the Ceriodaphnias most noticeable features is its large compound eye. Reproduction: The Ceriodaphnia reproduces parthenogenetically, which means the Ceriodaphnia can reproduce without fertilization of the egg. The egg undergoes a single maturation division in the ovary and a number are released at a time by the oviducts. (Pennak, 1989) Usually 10-20 eggs Ecological Niche: Ceriodaphnia are very diverse as they can live in either oxygen rich or oxygen poor environments due to their ability to synthesize hemoglobin. Ceriodaphnia live in all regions of lakes and ponds whether it is on the surface or near the bottom soil. Ceriodaphnia serves as the main food source for the Hydra in an ecosystem. Notes of Interest: Ceriodaphnia feed on green algae. They also have thoracic appendages that are modified phyllopodia that has bristles for food collecting and respiratory functions. (Prescott, ...

Free Essays on Roar

â€Å"Whoso Pulleth Out This Sword of this Stone and Anvil, is Rightwise King Born of All England† (201). There was a tournament held in London and all were invited to come and the one who pulled the sword out would be the new King of England. Wart and Kay went along with Sir Ector to London. In addition to having people try to pull out the sword they have activities like jousting. While in London, Kay joins in on the jousting but he left his sword in the house they were staying in so Wart went back to the house but it was locked and as he walked back he saw the sword in the anvil. He decided to borrow the sword, and he went over to it and pulled it out. When he told Kay where he got the sword Kay announced that Wart was the new King of England, but Merlyn changes his name to Arthur and from then on he was King Arthur. Lancelot is a knight for King Arthur. He is a very good knight but his main downfall is that he is very ugly. Lancelot goes through many problems but his biggest problem is that he falls in love with Arthur’s wif... Free Essays on Roar Free Essays on Roar White, T. H. The Once And Future King. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 1958. The main character in the novel is Wart. He lives with his foster brother Kay at Sir Ector’s castle in a Forest. Kay and Wart are really good friends and they go on a lot of adventures in the woods. One day Wart is out in the woods and he finds Merlyn. Wart takes Merlyn back to Sir Ector’s castle. Merlyn is a magician and he becomes Wart’s tutor. Merlyn turns Wart into many different animals ,such as a fish, an ant, and a badger, and sends him on many adventures. Merlyn teaches Wart many lessons. One day the castle receives a letter that says that the King of England had died and since he had no kin it was going to be a hard task to find a new King of England. A sword stuck in an anvil appeared in front of the church in London and on the anvil were inscribed the words â€Å"Whoso Pulleth Out This Sword of this Stone and Anvil, is Rightwise King Born of All England† (201). There was a tournament held in London and all were invited to come and the one who pulled the sword out would be the new King of England. Wart and Kay went along with Sir Ector to London. In addition to having people try to pull out the sword they have activities like jousting. While in London, Kay joins in on the jousting but he left his sword in the house they were staying in so Wart went back to the house but it was locked and as he walked back he saw the sword in the anvil. He decided to borrow the sword, and he went over to it and pulled it out. When he told Kay where he got the sword Kay announced that Wart was the new King of England, but Merlyn changes his name to Arthur and from then on he was King Arthur. Lancelot is a knight for King Arthur. He is a very good knight but his main downfall is that he is very ugly. Lancelot goes through many problems but his biggest problem is that he falls in love with Arthur’s wif...

The emergence and growth of multinational enterprises Essays

The emergence and growth of multinational enterprises Essays The emergence and growth of multinational enterprises Paper The emergence and growth of multinational enterprises Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Among the many existing economic and social theories on the emergence of the multinational enterprise (MNE) and its relationship with foreign direct investment (FDI), internalisation theory has room for further development in a present day context, thus is the subject of this study. An MNE is an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value-adding activities in more than one country (Dunning, 1993, p. 3). Several schools of thought exist in business literature that explain the internationalisation process of firms, such as market imperfection theory (Hymer, 1976; Kindleberger, 1969), product life-cycle theory (Vernon, 1971), internalisation/transaction costs analysis (Buckley Casson, 1976; Williamson, 1977, 1993) and OLI paradigm (Dunning, 1980). This study focuses on internalisation theory due to its great contribution to development of MNE theory. The main objective of this study is to explore the framework of internalisation theory using a case of video game industry in Japan,to further refine the theory. In the first section, the relevant literature on internalisation theory are critically reviewed. In particular, two empirical research projects are highlighted in order to determine which research method is appropriate to this area of study. Further questions are subsequently discussed in the second section. In the last section, the research design is described. 1. Literature Review 1.1 Internalisation Theory The main concept of internalisation theory is that firms grow by internalising markets through foreign direct investment (FDI) to minimise transaction costs (Buckley, 1988). If the cost of using arms-length markets are low, some form of arms-length arrangement (licensing, exporting, franchising, joint venture (JV)) would occur (Buckley Casson, 1976, 1988). Internalisation theory developed by Buckley and Casson (1976) is based on the empirical evidence obtained from their survey research. For the sample they chose 434 large manufacturing firms and collected each firms data including growth rate, profitability, size and capital-intensity in order to examine the relationship between multinationality, growth and profitability which stems from the internalisation. Through the statistical analysis, Buckley and Casson confirmed their postulate that internalisation of markets generates MNEs. Buckley and Casson (1976)s approach to research can be categorised as positivistic approach. There are mainly two different ways of approaching research which are positivistic approach and phenomenological approach (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 1997). As a definition of positivism, Benton and Craib (2001) state that in social science it can be seen as an attempt to put the study of human social life on a scientific footing by extending the methods and forms of explanation which have been successsful in natural science (Benton Craib, 2001, p. 28). On the other hand, phenominology is concerned with understanding human behaviour from the participants own frame of reference (Hussey Hussey, 1997, p. 52), PAs Hussey and Hussey (1997) explain, positivistic approach is objective in nature and uses deductive process, while phenomenological approach is more subjective in nature and inductive in the research process. The advantage of positivistic approach is that research findings possess a high level of reliability. The data produced from positivist research is usually quantitative data which refers to all data that is collected in numerical form (Hussey Hussey, 1997, pp. 150). Therefore, if research findings yielded from quantitative data were repeated by another researcher, (s)he could obtain similar results (Hussey Hussey, 1997). In the case of Backley and Casson (1976)s research, large cross-sectional samples and numerical company data made their findings reliable. The disadvantage of positivist research is that validity will likely be low (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Validity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill,1997). According to Hussey and Hussey, because positivistic research focuses on the precision of measurement, often the measure does not reflect the phenomenon which the researcher investigates. Regarding Backley and Casson (1976)s research method, Kobrin (1977, pp. 138) criticised as follows: difficulties of their research are unnecessarily compounded by a very partial reporting of results; for example, statistics rather than coefficients are reported as measures of the strength of association. From a different viewpoint, Backley and Casson (1976)s research has another weakness in terms of data collection. They mention two short-comings of the data: firstly, information on RD expenditure is available only by industry and not by firm, and secondly, an international and interregional breakdown of operations by host country is available only for a very limited number of firms (Buckley Casson, 1976, pp. 84). In quantitative research, such lack of data would be a severe disadvantage. 1.2 Application of Internalisation Theory Considerable amounts of research have been undertaken in order to test the application of internalisation theory. A case study of Coca-Cola in China conducted by Mok, Dai and Yeung (2002) is an empirical tests. In their research, internalisation theory was used to explain Coca-Colas experience and success by changing modes of entry from franchising to JVs. Mok et al. concluded a key of Coca-Colas success in the Chinese market was the internalisation of its market transactions through establishment of JVs rather than wholly owned subsidiaries. The contribution of Mok et al. (2002)s research was they not only provided implications of internalisation theory but also insight into the market expansion strategy of a global soft drink manufacturer in China. For research methodology, Mok et al. (2002) employed case studies in addition to general data collection. The case study is a research strategy which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within single settings (Eisenhardt, 1989, p. 534). It involves gathering detailed information about the unit of analysis with a view to obtaining in-depth knowledge (Hussey Hasse, 1997). There would be three strengths in Mock et al.s case study. First, Mok et al.s choice of sample fully matches their objective of research. Since Coca-Cola is undoubtedly one of the biggest MNEs and has long history of investment in China since 1979, it is a good sample with which to explain the growth of MNE and FDI. In addition, China is a preferable location because its market was a typical imperfect market (Mok, Dai Yeung, 2002). Secondly, Mok et al. (2002) took advantage of qualitative data gained from interviews. Qualitative data is concerned with qualities and non-numerical characteristics (Hussey and Hussey, 1997, pp. 150). Mok et al.carried out interviews with high-level management of Coca-Cola. Their main purpose of the interviews was to obtain information about the companys business operations, especially its relationship with local partners (Mok et al., 2002). They emphasis the importance of interviews as follows: only rarely was this type of information obtainable from any other publicly available sources (Mok et al., 2002, pp. 40). According to May (1997), the advantage of interviews is that they yield rich insight into peoples experiences, opinions, aspirations, attitudes and feelings. In the case of Mok et al.s research, companies entry mode choices were made clear by examining managerial perception revealed in the interviews. Such evidence would not be found sufficiently in official data. However, there are limitations of Mok et als case study. First, since the sample came from a single industry, thus the generalisability of the results is restricted (Mok et al., 2002). Second, as Dunning (1993) claims, the information obtained by field questionnaires and/or interviews with MNEs represents the subjective judgment of the responders to questionnaires or the interviewees. 1.3 Discussion After establishment of its basic concepts, the internalisation theory was confirmed by many researchers as a general explanation for the MNE trend. However, it is questionable that internalisation theory can sufficiently explain the recent variety of activities of MNE. The emergence of global E-commerce companies could be cited as a prime example. For these companies, internalising advantage would be less of a factor since the Internet reduces both internal coordination and market transaction costs (Dunning Wymbs, 2001). Another example is Japanese video game companies which are multinationalised but less internalized to their market. Nintendo and Sony have great share in the video game industry both domestically and internationally, but they seldom have a joint venture or partnership with foreign partners and their almost all production takes place in Japan1. Their overseas subsidiaries are mainly only responsible for sales and marketing. Unlike with E-commerce, the video game industry requires a certain physical space to manufacture and convey its products, similar to other mass-production industries. Nevertheless, the fact that internalisation rarely occurs in Japanese MNEs in video game industry is problematic. It can be supposed that unique characteristics of this industry cause this phenomenon. Thus, further study is needed to examine whether internalisation theory can apply to the video game industry in Japan. 2. Research Method The purpose of this research is to test the applicability of internalisation theory and reconsider the theoretical framework of the theory. Finally, suggestions are made with regards to further research that could be carried out in relation to the discoveries made in this study. 2.1 Research Design This research takes a positivistic approach. As noted above, while phenomenological approach is concerned with generating theories, positivistic approaches focus on hypothesis testing (Hussey Hussey, 1997). In this research, the data collection is concerned with testing a theory rather than generating new theories. The research approach can also devided inductive or deductive (Hussey Hussey, 1997). Deductive research is defined by Hussey Hussey as a study in which a conceptual and theoretical structure is developed and then tested by empirical observation. Hussey Hussey describes inductive research as a study in which theory is developed from the observation of empirical reality. It is this former approach that applies to this study. As a research strategy, this research uses a case study. The research strategy is a general plan of how you will go about answering the research questions (Saunders et al, 1997) The different strategies are experiment, survey, case study, grounded theory, ethnography and action research. As Saunders et al. (1997) mentioned, case studies can be a very worthwhile way of exploring existing theory. It is the main aim of this research. In addition, a case study will be of particular interest to a researcher if (s)he wishes to gain a rich understanding of the context of the research and the process being enacted (Morris and Wood, 1991, cited in Saunders et al., 1997). This research will be effective by gaining rich and detailed information in a particular setting. 2.2 Data collection method This research utilises methodological triangulation both a quantitative and qualitative data collection method (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 1991, cited in Hussey Hussey, 1997). According to Hussey and Hussey (1997), triangulation is advantageous in understanding a research problem and can overcome the potential bias and sterility of a single-method approach. In this research, quantitative data are collected by survey, and qualitative data are gathered through interviews. Mail-in survey questionnaires will be sent to the Japanese video game companies that expand their business overseas including hardware makers and software providers. The objective of questionnaire is to obtain general information on MNEs profiles and performances and to explore their strategy for market entry mode. In order to complement the survey data, secondary data will also be used such as annual reports of companies and government publications The collected data will be analysed using appropriate measuring. At the same time, interviews will carried out with management level staff in a Japanese video game company or those who have knowledge about this area of study. Such qualitative interviews will be used to provide significant quantitative results.

Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric Distinctio is a  rhetorical term for explicit references to the various meanings of a wordusually for the purpose of removing ambiguities. As Brendan McGuigan points out in Rhetorical Devices (2007), Distinctio allows you to tell your reader exactly what you mean to say. This sort of clarification can be the difference between your sentence being understood or being taken to mean something entirely different from what you intended. Examples and Observations: It depends upon what the meaning of the word is is. If is means is and never has been, thats one thing. If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement.(President Bill Clinton, Grand Jury testimony, 1998)Love:  [I]t would be a long while before I would come to understand the particular moral of the story.It would be a long while because, quite simply, I was in love with New York. I do not mean love in any colloquial way, I mean that I was in love with the city, the way you love the first person who ever touches you and never love anyone quite that same way again.(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968)Envy:  Don Cognasso will tell you that this commandment prohibits envy, which is certainly an ugly thing. But theres bad envy, which is when your friend has a bicycle and you dont, and you hope he breaks his neck going down a hill, and theres good envy, which is when you want a bike like his and work your butt off to be able to buy one, a nd its good envy that makes the world go round. And then theres another envy, which is justice envy, which is when you cant see any reason that a few people have everything and others are dying of hunger. And if you feel this fine sort of envy, which is socialist envy, you get busy trying to make a world in which riches are better distributed.   (Umberto Eco, The Gorge. The New Yorker, 7 March 2005) Battlefields:  A significant proportion of the detainees held at Guantanamo were picked up far from anything remotely resembling a battlefield. Arrested in cities all over the world, they could only be deemed combatants if one accepts the Bush Administrations claim of a literal war on terrorism. . . . A review of these cases shows that the arresting officers are police, not soldiers, and that the places of arrest include private homes, airports and police stationsnot battlefields.  (Joanne Mariner, It All Depends on What You Mean by Battlefield. FindLaw, July 18, 2006)Sound:  Does a tree falling in the forest make a sound when no one is around to hear it?...Whether an unobserved falling tree makes a sound, then, depends on what you mean by sound. If you mean heard noise, then (squirrels and birds aside) the tree falls silently. If, in contrast, you mean something like distinctive spherical pattern of impact waves in the air, then, yes, the trees falling does make a sound. . . .   (John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) Distinctio in Medieval Theology Distinction (distinctio) was a literary and analytical tool in scholastic theology that aided a theologian in his three basic tasks of lecturing, disputing, and preaching. In classical rhetoric a distinction referred to a section or unit of a text, and this was the most common usage in medieval theology as well. . . .Other forms of distinction were attempts to examine the complexity of certain concepts or terms. The famous distinctions between credere in Deum, credere Deum, and credere Deo reflect the scholastic desire to examine fully the meaning of Christian belief. The propensity to introduce distinctions at almost every stage of argument left medieval theologians open to the charge that they were often divorced from reality since they resolved theological issues (including pastoral problems) in abstract terms. A more severe critique was that employing a distinction assumed that the theologian already had all the data necessary at his fingertips. New information was not needed to resolve a new problem; rather, the distinction apparently gave a theologian a method for only reorganizing the accepted tradition in a new logical manner.​  (James R. Ginther, The Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology. Westminster John Knox Press, 2009) Pronunciation: dis-TINK-tee-o Etymology From the Latin, distinguishing, distinction, difference

Busness Statisics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Busness Statisics - Essay Example On page 3 of Jain and Aggarwal’s book, the term statistics has two definitions. The first definition shows that statistics in the plural sense shows it is the numerical data of the facts that relate to different fields of enquiry such as population and prices (2007). In a singular sense, Jain and Aggarwal (2007) define statistics as a science that deals with different methods of data collection, presentation and interpretation among other techniques. According to Jain and Aggarwal (2007), there are two types and levels of statistics. The first is known as descriptive statistics where the techniques for data collection and organization are used with an aim of providing more details about the data. Under the descriptive type of data, decisions or conclusions are not made. On page 5 of Moss’s book, he cites the second type of statistics as the inferential statistics (2014). This type of statistics involves estimating the characteristic of decision-making that involves a population, based on sample results (Moss, 2014). Under this kind of statistics, there is an estimation of an unknown parameter of the population to check the basis of the sample and to test if the sample data has enough evidence to show the population parameter (Jain & Aggarwal, 2007). In business, the knowledge of statistics is extremely crucial. For a business person with the knowledge of statistics, it becomes easy to make estimates that are related to supply and demand. It becomes easier to make the right decisions when it comes to seasonal changes, the tastes of consumers in the market, the customs and the market’s trade cycle (Jain & Aggarwal, 2007). For example, a business person with knowledge of statistics is in a better position to know a market’s supply and demand of goods and how such supply or demand might become affected by changes in prices or the policies that the government sets. As noted in Jain and Aggarwal’s book, the making of

Curved OLED TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curved OLED TV - Essay Example   If the business does not pick the first time as was expected, more time is needed to convince the customers on the need for the product in meeting their demands. Cites for marketing should also be changed to try new cites, like leaving rural areas and focusing on the urban centres where most people can afford. In addition, the customers that are targeted should be changed and try new targets like the young who are favourites of the premium content. The best method to deliver the message is through face-to-face communication. This is because the audience involves just one person, in this case, the boss. The complexity of the product, which is the television with the modern technology, needs demonstration and thorough explanation so that the boss can understand better. In addition, to convince the boss on the need to invest in this product passion, commitment and feelings are needed for the boss to understand. The sales pitch about the television is â€Å"Curved OLED TV is the lat est and the first curved television that provides premium services like face-booking, twitting, emailing, and many online services to everyone.     Moreover, its stand is crystal clear and rotates in a reflex angle of 160 degrees that allows everyone to view it from all corners of the house. The screen also provides a wide field of view, unlike the other LED televisions. Therefore, I urge everyone to stay updated using this excellent technology and have the real experience of the globe. Thanks, everybody.†Ã‚     

Australia Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Australia Study - Essay Example They were a traditional race; caves and rocks were their temporary abode. During the era of pre-European settlement in Australia, according to Crawford (2003 p. 38), they were approximately 500 000 Aboriginals, speaking about 2000-2500 different languages living in groups which had distinct languages and culture, who identified themselves with the language they spoke. When the Indonesians (Macassans) came to the shore of this remote island, the brought with them goods: knives, blades and fishing nets to trade for the local cucumbers and other goods. In this process, the Aboriginal picked up new words from the Indonesians and changes were inflicted on their dialect. (Crawford, 2003 p. 43) On 26th January 1788, England made its first settlement in Australia at Sydney Cove at Port Jackson (Walsh and Yallop, 1993, p. 33); this marked the beginning of a drastic change in linguistic background and the cultural heritage of the indigenous people of the island. According to the authors, it wa s made a high priority matter to establish a channel of communication between the colonizers and the aboriginals and subsequently measures were taken to enhance the linguistic interaction between the two parties. Banting (2002, p. 8-10) states that the impact of British Colonization in the Aboriginal land was colossal, many aboriginals, he says, were killed in the battles defending their land from the British or succumbed to the diseases brought on by the colonizers. He further stated that the natives who survived were taken prisoners and were forced to work for the British. Furthermore, the Tasmanian Aboriginals were completely wiped off the center of the earth by the European settlements. Crawford (2003, p. 43) states that the colonizers settled in the island by introducing a new language and a whole set of new technologies to the local inhabitants, as a result of which the lifestyle as well mindsets were manipulated to suit the requirements of the existing situation. In this way, the rich cultural and spiritual background of the aboriginals received a severe blow and most of their traditions and rituals were eradicated in the process. Moreover, Crawford reveals that during the 1800’s, the Aboriginal children were placed in missionaries where they were only permitted to speak in English as per the British administration policy, which contributed, heavily to the loss of the traditional language. There was a Gold Rush in Australia in 1851 when gold was discovered in the region. Almost 700,000 emigrants from United States, China, England, Poland and parts of Europe flocked the country to find their fortune (Banting, 2002, p. 10). This must have contributed to the establishment of English as the language of expression in Australia since the new emigrants from different outlook would have been in need of a common mode of communication and due to their proficiency in English, the language would have further reinforced its root in the Australian soil in this process. Leitner (2004, p. 54) points out factors that accelerated the destruction of aboriginal habitat. He is of the opinion that intermingling of traditional multilingualism with the ‘intruding languages† was a chief reason of the demise of the ancient culture. Secondly, he

Multiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Multiversity - Essay Example ty thus resulted in the incorporation of different communities within a single setting thus; developing holistic individuals with a propensity to interact ad integrate ideas. Clark Kerr in his article the idea of a multiversity investigates the history of the idea and its ramification to the contemporary world and the academic environments. The brainchildren of the idea had a number of specific convenience issue that they sought to address by developing the idea. The historical evolution of higher education through the subsequent introduction of the idea of a multiversity was progressive and a result of several structural and management changes in the governance of the facilities of higher education as the discussion below reveals. Kerr begins his article by investigating the origin of universities as institutions of higher learning. The earliest universities such as Oxford, Bologna, and Edinburg had specific structures that necessitate the management of the single institutions that specialized in single courses offered in single campuses. The administrative structures of the facilities necessitated the management of the facilities as single entities with each university at the time specializing is single disciplines. However, with time and the resultant changes in the social environment, the society became more liberal with the demand for education increasing in the western world among other regions globally. Such leading and prestigious institutions therefore led the change into more liberal and diversified learning institutions thereby permitting the inclusion of more courses and campuses leading to the development of the multiversity concept â€Å" it was clear that by 1930 that universities have changed profoundly and commonly in the direction of social evolution of which they are part† Kerr 3. In this statement, Kerr acknowledges that institutions of higher learning such as universities existed as part of the society and therefore had to represent the social

Stem Cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Stem Cell - Essay Example This study stresses that  ethical issues arise in every step comprised in stem cell research. These steps range from permission or authority to give stem cells to be used in research, experimentation stage, and in supervisory stage necessary in the process of stem cell research. In terms of giving the stem cells for research, ethical issues arise relating to informed consent.As the discussiondeclares that  stem cells may be developed in the laboratory or originate from foetuses from legal abortions. It is important to note that individual hold diverse viewpoints or opinions on whether stem cells ought to be used in research and treatment. Conversely, there are people who donate their foetuses, for instance those involved in miscarriages, to be used for research. However, they may hold reservations on how stems cells from the foetus ought to be used. It is therefore imperative for scientists to ensure they obtain informed consent from these donors. Concerns have arisen that most o f those who sign the consent form rarely understand the content of the forms.  There are ethical issues relating to destruction of embryos and their creation in the laboratory for use in research. There are concerns among groups of people all over the world that developing embryos in the laboratory with the main objective of using them in research is infringement into the rights of the foetus or embryo.  Many people also believe that a child ought to be the product of both man and woman.

Global Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Poverty - Research Paper Example Extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa however increased to 46% in 2001 and it combined numbers of individuals living in extreme poverty (World Bank, 2004). Some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia suffered a sharp decline in income in the 1990s and the breakup of the Soviet Union also caused a significant reduction in their Gross Development Product per capita (Radio Free Europe, 2012). Poverty rates in the region increased as a result; improvements were gradually seen in the following years with per capital incomes recovering and poverty rates dropping. The World Bank also declared that poverty rates would start improving in Georgia and Ukraine in 2007 (Radio Free Europe, 2012). World Bank figures also indicate that based on 2004 figures, percentage of people living in poor households in East Asia and the Pacific region are at 9.07%; in Europe and Central Asia at 0.95%; in Latin America and the Caribbean at 8.64%; Middle East and North Africa at 1.47%; in South Asia at 30.84%; and Sub-Saharan Africa at 41.09%. There are also other indicators which are being used to indicate poverty, including life expectancy, child mortality, food supplies or calories taken per day, wage, literacy, and access to clean water (World Bank, 2004). ... Africa is also predicted to suffer even worse conditions in the years to come. Economic aspects of poverty highlights material needs, mostly those which include the necessities of daily living, like food, clothing, shelter, and safe drinking water. Poverty is therefore understood as the condition where a person or community does not have the basic needs to support the minimum standards of well-being, mostly due to the lack of a continued source of income (Townsend, 1979). An assessment of the social elements of poverty considers scarcity and elements of distribution resources as well as power forces in society as determinants of poverty levels. The social elements of poverty include lack of access to information, education, health, as well as political power. Poverty may also be considered in terms of unequal social conditions and social relationship including dependency, social exclusion, and failure to participate or to establish connections in society (Townsend, 1979). This social exclusion can be reduced via higher connections in the general society. The World Bank discussed that based on their assessment of about 20,000 poor individuals in 23 countries, they identified the following elements as determinants of poverty: unstable livelihoods, excluded locations, physical restrictions, gender relations, issues in social relations, limited or reduced security or safety, abuse of power, limited capabilities, disempowered institutions, and weak community organizations (Blastland, 2007). Under these conditions, poverty can be as significant problem, restricting opportunities as well as capabilities among the population affected. The main individuals affected by this issue are the people in developing countries,

Haute Couture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Haute Couture - Essay Example The late 1970’s were a time where interest in science fiction and the future was a common theme at the social level, with movies being launched such as Star Wars. The 1979 design illustrated the social demand for future lifestyle and innovation in fashion as well as showing the female clothing buyer as an important and respected part of international business. These suits were not created with explosive colours or other eye-catching patterns from previous years, rather the 1979 collection allowed simple, yet future-looking fabrics blend into design innovation in a way that was meaningful for mass market buyers and the female businessperson. A recent 2009 collection from Pierre Cardin reverts back to some of these design principles, using simple black and white and geometric patterns to create a stunning collection for women. The Appendix section shows an outfit which consists of dizzying explosions of black designwork throughout the collection which spirals like a liquid maze across the clothing. Key areas of sensuality on the female, including the hips and shoulders, are emphasised with sudden angular folds in the fabric which flair the outfit in key body locations. There are some significant differences to these different collections spanning 20 years, including the length of the hemline. In the 1970s, it was more acceptable to have longer skirts for business and even casual wear at a time where culture was emerging from more reserved moral and lifestyle values. This social aspect of lifestyle was added to the 1979 businesswoman collection and the outfit’s length was generally always below the knee. This fit within acceptable dress norms for the woman in business at the time. Today, however, Cardin has become more risquà © when redeveloping older styles for the new luxury consumer and has shortened the length of various dresses and suits to appeal to the more